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Opioid dependence: mechanisms of development of withdrawal syndrome and its treatment
Hosenseidlová, Pavla ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Ujčíková, Hana (referee)
This work deals with opioids, opioid-induced withdrawal syndrome, and its treatment. Opioids are the most commonly used analgesics in medicine, and so far, there hasn't been a better alternative for them in most health cases. However, with long-term use, dependence can develop relatively quickly, and they have a high potential for abuse. When opioid use is discontinued, withdrawal syndrome occurs, and its symptoms resemble those of the flu, including muscle and joint pain, feeling cold and having a runny nose, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and tachycardia. These symptoms can be very intense and are often accompanied by psychological manifestations such as anxiety and depression. The treatment of opioid withdrawal syndrome is based on alleviating both physical and psychological symptoms. Most commonly, treatment involves using opioid agonists or antagonists with accompanying therapy for psychological manifestations. It is also important to include psychotherapy in the treatment process because the addiction in many cases stems from unresolved psychological or socio-economic issues.
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Outcomes of take-home naloxone programme in Czechia after two years of operation
Lihtar, Štěpán ; Mravčík, Viktor (advisor) ; Janíková, Barbara (referee)
BACKGROUND: Opioid overdose represents significant public health burden in both the Czechia and the world in general. Although the prevalence in opioid use in our country is relatively low, it carries a disproportionate risk of health damage, including death from overdose. An effective intervention in the event of an opioid overdose is the administration of naloxone - an opioid antagonist that displaces the opioid from its receptors and interrupts the depression of the respiratory center. So-called take-home naloxone programs are based on the distribution of naloxone to lay people to administer naloxone when they witness an overdose. Take-home naloxone program was approved by the Czech Council of Government for the Coordination of Drug Policy in 2020, and its implementation began in April 2021. AIMS: The aim of this theses is to analyze the results of the take-home naloxone program in Czechia after two years of its operation. METHODS: The research part of this theses is based on a combination of two components - quantitative and qualitative. The data come from the Naloxone project reports and the Naloxone distribution project reports, which are filled by representatives of the programs involved in the project and then sent to the National Monitoring Center for Drugs and Addiction. The quantitative...
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Pharmacotherapy in the treatment of opioid addiction
Bodinková, Jolana ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Kašík, Petr (referee)
Opiate addiction represents a difficult problem, both medically and socially. With millions of affected people, either by such kinds of addiction or its side effects, across the globe, the condition requires its resolution to be effective, which can be provided by opioid pharmacotherapy, either methadone-, buprenorphine- or naloxone-based. In regard to increasing numbers of not only cases but also deaths, related to drug overdose, opiate addiction treatments still remain underused in medical settings. This thesis summarizes pharmacotherapy practices used during opioid use disorder treatments. Its main part predominantly focuses on the description of therapeutical procedures, their advantages, and deficiencies. Keywords: opioid abuse, pharmacotherapy, methadone, buprenorphine, naloxone
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Analysis of Historical Pharmaceutical Preparations of Naloxone, Adrenaline and Ephedrine.
Nováková, Lucie ; Nesměrák, Karel (advisor) ; Červený, Václav (referee)
The aim of the thesis was to analyze the historical pharmaceutical preparations, including the determination of the active substance and identify theirs possible degradation products. A historical pharmaceutical preparation of naloxone was analyzed by mass spectrometry. Historical pharmaceutical preparations of adrenaline and ephedrine were analyzed by UHPLC-MS and were quantified using a calibration curve. In the historical injection solution of naloxone, "NARCAN", dated around 1980, there were no significant degradation products and the measured mass and UV spectrum was consistent with the spectrum of naloxone. The analyzed sample of naloxone was stable even after 35 years of storage. In the analyzed historical injection solution of adrenaline, "Adrenalin Hydrochlor., Dr. Heisler" (dated between 1917 and 1938) was determined 5.26 ± 0.11 % of the declared amount of adrenaline. In the measured spectras were noticeable degradation products, which have not been described in the literature yet and their identification was beyond the scope of this paper. The analyzed sample of adrenaline was almost completely degraded during about ninety years. The stability test carried out with four standard solutions of adrenaline proved influence of oxygen, light, temperature and time on the degradation of adrenaline. In...
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